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Ball, and P.B
[2] Topiramates antiseizure efficacy arises from convergent actions on fast-inactivating voltage-gated sodium channels, high-voltage-activated calcium channels, AMPA/kainate glutamate receptors, and extra synaptic -aminobutyric-acid type-A (GABA_A) receptors, each contributing partial but complementary reductions in neuronal firing thresholds
Averages hide enormous variation
Mechanisms of ROS production In addition to mitochondrial sources, ROS generation involves various enzymatic pathways: transmembrane electron transfer mediated by NADPH oxidase (NOX), substrate oxidation catalysed by xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR), and byproducts from lipoxygenase (LOXs) and cyclooxygenase (COX) during arachidonic acid metabolism [11]
Commonly reported side effects Most reported side effects are mild and transient
